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Tips/FAQ
This page would various tips on Linux based on my own experience. The tips on Network Interface would not be described in this page and all the network interface related tips will be explained in separate page : Linux Network.
How to check on the login account ?
The simplest way to check is to use whoami command as below. $ whoami ==> this would print out the account name
How to check whether I am in root account or not ?
The simplest way to check is to use whoami command as below. $ whoami ==> this should print out 'root' as below. root
How to log into root account ?
First thing you can try is to use su command as below. $ su ==> Hit enter and it will prompt you to type in the password Password : ****** If you fail with su, e.g getting the message 'su:Authentication Failure', try following $ sudo su ==> Hit enter and it will prompt you to type in the password Password : ****** NOTE : 'su:Authentication Failure' may be because you may forgot root password. You may set or change root password as explained in How to set/change root password and try 'su' again.
How to set/change root password ?
You can change the root password with the command : passwd as shown below. $ sudo passwd root ==> Hit enter and it will prompt you to type in the password New password : ****** Retype new password :
How to boot in Terminal Mode ?
It may vary a little bit depending on what kind of Linux you are using... following is what I confirmed with Fedora 33.
$ sudo systemctl set-default multi-user.target ==> Hit enter and it prints as below. Removed /etc/systemd/system/default.target Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target -> /user/lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target Then reboot the PC.. and you will get the command prompt asking for user and password.
It may vary a little bit depending on what kind of Linux you are using... following is what I confirmed with Fedora 33.
$ sudo systemctl set-default graphical.target ==> Hit enter and it prints as below. Removed /etc/systemd/system/default.target Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target -> /user/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target Then reboot the PC.. and you will get the log in screen for GUI
How to run Graphic Mode from Terminal Mode ?
It may be different depending on the variants of the Linux that you are using. In case of Fedora, you can easily run Graphics Interface with following command. Assuming that you logged into a Terminal Mode. Run the following command from command line $ startx NOTE : If you want to log into Graphic Mode when you turn on the PC, see How to boot in Graphic Mode ?
How to switch to Terminal Mode from Graphic Mode ?
Let's suppose you are with Graphic Mode now and want to switch to terminal mode. What I am doing is open a Terminal and typing in the following command. $ sudo init 3 ==> this mean 'return to Run Level 3 which is terminal mode'.
NOTE : If this cause any problem, try the following two command in sequence $ su - ==> this is to switch to root account. this would prompt you to go through root login. $ sudo init 3
How to Fix 'SSH connection' problem ?
Step 1 : Check if ssh port is open and listening
$ ss -lt ==> you should see the ssh is listening as shown below. If not, check next step
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process LISTEN 0 4096 0.0.0.0:hostmon 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:5939 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 4096 127.0.0.53%lo:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 5 127.0.0.1:ipp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 4096 [::]:hostmon [::]:* LISTEN 0 128 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN 0 5 [::1]:ipp [::]:*
Step 2 : Check if ssh service is running
$ service sshd status ==> you should get the result as follows. If not, check next step
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl status sshd.service ● sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Fri 2020-12-04 14:03:23 EST; 19min ago Docs: man:sshd(8) man:sshd_config(5) Main PID: 3793 (sshd) Tasks: 1 (limit: 9328) Memory: 5.5M CPU: 275ms CGroup: /system.slice/sshd.service └─3793 sshd: /usr/sbin/sshd -D [listener] 0 of 10-100 startups
Step 3 : Check if ssh server is installed.
This would vary depending on the Linux variation that you are using
On Fedora, you can check in the following way $ rpm -qa | grep openssh-server ==> If you see a result like below, it mean ssh server is installed. If it is not installed, install ssh server first. If it is installed, but not activated as shown in Step 2. Run the ssh server as in step 4.
openssh-server-8.4p1-1.1.fc33.x86_64
Step 4 : Run the ssh service
$ systemctl start sshd.service ==> After running the service, check Step 1,2,3 again to make it sure it is running properly
How to enable ssh root login ?
In most case of default ssh installation, ssh root login is set to be prohibited. so you would experience the case where it is successful to login into a user's account, but you get 'access denined' when you are trying to log into 'root' account. In this case, you have to configure ssh server settings to allow root access. You have to change settings in /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Step 1 : open nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config file using nano or any text editor you are familiar with (NOTE : I used sudo to open the file. If you logged into root account, you don't need to use 'sudo' but you need to use it otherwise).
Step 2 : Add a line as in yellow line and save it.
Step 3 :Restart the ssh server as follows.
how to make sshd (ssh server) to listen to both IPv4 and IPv6 ?
Step 1 : open nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config file using nano or any text editor you are familiar with (NOTE : I used sudo to open the file. If you logged into root account, you don't need to use 'sudo' but you need to use it otherwise).
Step 2 : Add a line as in yellow line and save it.
Step 3 :Restart the ssh server as follows.
Some application does not allow Wayland. So you need to disable Wayland to make it work (In my case, I had this problem when I tried to use TeamViewer on fedora 33).
Step 1 : Check which gdm you are using ?
There can be several different ways to check, but I am checking the /etc folder to get this information. $ ls /etc | grep 'gdm'
Following is an example result from my pc. It shows that I am using gdm (in some case you may see other version like gdm3).
Step 2 : edit gdm configuration file and disable Wayland $ sudo nano /etc/gdm/custom.config
put the WayloadEnable=false under [daemon] section.
Step 3 : reboot the pc
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