For 5G deployment, there are mainly three options: Non-Standalone (NSA), Standalone (SA), and Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS). Each of these approaches offers unique advantages and is chosen based on an operator’s existing infrastructure, business goals, and the desired pace of 5G adoption. Understanding these options helps clarify how 5G is being introduced around the world and what users can expect in terms of performance and capabilities.
- Non-Standalone (NSA): NSA is the most common initial deployment strategy. It allows operators to launch 5G services quickly by leveraging their existing 4G LTE infrastructure for core network functions, while adding new 5G NR (New Radio) base stations for enhanced speed and capacity. In NSA, user devices connect to both LTE and NR, with LTE providing the anchor for control signaling and mobility. This approach accelerates time-to-market and reduces costs, but some advanced 5G features—like ultra-low latency and network slicing—are limited until a full 5G core is deployed.
- Standalone (SA): SA deployment uses a dedicated 5G core network (5GC) and 5G NR radio access, independent of LTE. This architecture unlocks the full potential of 5G, including ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and advanced network slicing for customized services. SA is essential for applications that require the highest performance, such as smart factories, autonomous vehicles, and mission-critical IoT. However, it typically requires more investment and a longer rollout period compared to NSA.
- Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS): DSS is a technology that enables operators to use the same frequency bands for both 4G and 5G services simultaneously. By dynamically allocating spectrum resources based on real-time demand, DSS allows for a smooth and cost-effective transition from 4G to 5G. This approach is especially valuable in areas where spectrum is limited or where operators want to maximize coverage without acquiring new licenses. DSS can be implemented in both NSA and SA networks, further enhancing deployment flexibility.
Each deployment option serves different operator needs, from rapid market entry and cost savings to enabling the full suite of 5G capabilities. As networks evolve, many operators start with NSA and DSS to quickly expand coverage, then gradually migrate to SA to unlock the most advanced features of 5G.